CATCH SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT DNA

CHECK THIS OUT PALS

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA is part of our definition of a living organism.
DNA is found in all living things.
DNA was first isolated in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher.
James Watson and Francis Crick figured out the structure of DNA.
DNA is a double helix.
The structure of DNA can be likened to a twisted ladder.
The rungs of the ladder are made up of “bases”
Adenine (A) is a base.
Thymine (T) is a base.
Cytosine (C) is a base
Guanine (G) is a base.
A always pairs with T in DNA.
C also pairs with G in DNA.
The amount of A is equal to the amoun tof T, same for C and G.
A+C = T+G
Hydrogen bonds hold the bases together.
The sides of the DNA ladder is made of sugars and phosphate atoms.
Bases attached to a sugar; this complex is called a nucleoside.
Sugar + phosphate + base = nucleotide.
The DNA ladder usually twists to the right.
There are many conformations of DNA: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA are the only ones found in nature.
Almost all the cells in our body have DNA with the exception of red blood cells.
DNA is the “blueprint” of life.
Chromosomal or nuclear DNA is DNA found in the nucleus of cells.
Humans have 46 chromosomes.
Autosomal DNA is part of chromosomal DNA but does not include the two sex chromsomes – X and Y.
One chromosome can have as little as 50 million base pairs or as much as 250 million base pairs.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is found in the mitochondria.
mtDNA is only passed from the mother to the child because only eggs have mitochondria, not sperm.
There’s a copy of our entire DNA sequence in every cell of our body with one exception.
Our entire DNA sequence is called a genome.
There’s an estimated 3 billion DNA bases in our genome.
One million bases (called a megabase and abbreviated Mb) of DNA sequence data is roughly equivalent to 1 megabyte of computer data storage space.
Our entire DNA sequence would fill 200 1,000-page New York City telephone directories.
A complete 3 billion base genome would take 3 gigabytes of storage space.
If unwound and tied together, the strands of DNA in one cell would stretch almost six feet but would be only 50 trillionths of an inch wide.
In humans, the DNA molecule in a non-sex cell would have a total length of 1.7 metres.
If you unwrap all the DNA you have in all your cells, you could reach the moon 6000 times!
Our sex cells–eggs and sperm–have only half of our total DNA.
Over 99% of our DNA sequence is the same as other humans’.
DNA can self-replicate using cellular machinery made of proteins.
Genes are made of DNA.
Genes are pieces of DNA passed from parent to offspring that contain hereditary information.
The average gene is 10,000 to 15,000 bases long.
The segment of DNA designated a gene is made up of exons and introns.
Exons have the code for making proteins.
Introns are intervening sequences sometimes called “junk DNA.”
Junk DNA’s function or lack thereof is a source of debate.
Part of “junk DNA” help to regulate the genomic activity.
There are an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes in our genome.
In 2000, a rough draft of the human genome (complete DNA sequence) was completed.
In 2003, the final draft of the human genome was completed.
The human genome sequence generated by the private genomics company Celera was based on DNA samples collected from five donors who identified themselves only by race and sex.
If all the DNA in your body was put end to end, it would reach to the sun and back over 600 times (100 trillion times six feet divided by 92 million miles).
It would take a person typing 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, around 50 years to type the human genome.
If all three billion letters in the human genome were stacked one millimeter apart, they would reach a height 7,000 times the height of the Empire State Building.
DNA is translated via cellular mechanisms into proteins.
DNA in sets of 3 bases, called a codon, code for amino acids, the building blocks of protein.
Changes in the DNA sequence are called mutations.
Many thing can cause mutations, including UV irradiation from the sun, chemicals like drugs, etc.
Mutations can be changes in just one DNA base.
Mutations can involve more than one DNA base.
Mutations can involve entire segments of chromosomes.
Single nucleotide polymorpshisms (SNPs) are single base changes in DNA.
Short tandem repeats (STRs) are short sequences of DNA repeated consecutively.
Some parts of the DNA sequence do not make proteins.
Genes make up only about 2-3% of our genome.
DNA is affected by the environment; environmental factors can turn genes on and off.
There are many ways you can analyze your DNA using commercially available tests.
Paternity tests compare segments of DNA between the potential father and child.
There are other types of relationship testing that compares DNA between siblings, grandparents and grandchild, etc.
DNA tests can help you understand your risk of disease.
A DNA mutation or variation may be associated with a higher risk of a number of diseases, including breast cancer.
DNA tests can help you understand your family history aka genetic genealogy.
DNA tests can help you understand your ethnic make-up.
DNA can be extracted from many different types of samples: blood, cheek cells, urine.
DNA can be stored either as cells on a cotton swab, buccal brush, or frozen blood or in extracted form.
In forensics, DNA analysis usually looks at 13 specific DNA markers (segments of DNA).
The odds that two individuals will have the same 13-loci DNA profile is about one in one billion.
A DNA fingerprint is a set of DNA markers that is unique for each individual except identical twins.
Identical twins share 100% of their genes.
Siblings share 50% of their genes.
A parent and child share 50% of their genes.
You can extract DNA at home from fruit and even your own cheek cells.
DNA is used to determine the pedigree for livestock or pets.
DNA is used in wildlife forensics to identify endangered species and people who hunt them (poachers).
DNA is used in identify victims of accidents or crime.
DNA is used to exonerate innocent people who’ve been wrongly convicted.
Many countries, including the US and UK, maintain a DNA database of convicted criminals.
The CODIS databank (COmbined DNA Index System) is maintained by the BI and has DNA profiles of convicted criminals.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify a sample of DNA so that there are more copies to analyze.
We eat DNA every day.
DNA testing is used to authenticate food like caviar and fine wine.
DNA is used to determine the purity of crops.
Genetically modified crops have DNA from another organism inserted to give the crops properties like pest resistance.
Dolly the cloned sheep had the same nuclear DNA as its donor mom but its mitochondrial DNA came from from the egg mom. (Does that make any sense?)
People like to talk about DNA even if it bears no relation to science or reality.
A group of bloggers who write regularly about DNA and genetics have banded to gether to form The DNA Network.

COUNTED ATLEAST 100 or NOT?

SOME INTERESTING RESEARCH IN DNA

At this time (October 2007), there are eight male LEALs who have done a Y-DNA test.Their Oldest Known Paternal Ancestors (“OKPA”) are:

1. LEAL, Cruz, born in the early 19th century in Ubaque in Colombia. (LEAL branch in Colombia and the Netherlands; Haplogroup J2f);

2. LEAL, Avelardo born round about 1870 in Mexico (LEAL branch in Mexico; Haplogroup G);

3. LEAL, Jose, born in 1770 from Los Ramones in Mexico (LEAL branch in Mexico; Haplogroup R1b);

4. LEAL, Manuel born on 8 January 1868 on the Isle of Pico in the Azores, Portugal (LEAL branch in the USA and Portugal; Haplogroup unknown);

5. LEAL, João Soares born in 1845 in Sao Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil (*) (LEAL branch in Brazil; Haplogroup unknown);

6. LEAL, Nepomuceno born round about 1860 in Ortega, Colombia (LEAL branch in Colombia; Haplogroup R1b);

7. LEAL, João born round about 1902 in Portugal (LEAL branch in Brazil and Portugal; Haplogroup I);

8. LEAL, Joaquim born round about 1917 in Penafiel, Portugal (LEAL branch in Portugal; Haplogroup J2).(*) It is unclear whether the paternal surname of this oldest known paternal ancestor is indeed LEAL (LEAL may possibly be the maternal surname).Analysis & conclusionsI have compared the 12 markers of the descendants of all the abovementioned individuals (those who did the actual tests) to find out whether any are genetically related to one another.The genetic distances vary from 6 to 19 on the 12 markers tested. Although not an expert on the subject, I believe it is safe to say that given the genetic distances none of the tested individuals are related to one another.In other words, there are at least eight unrelated LEAL branches.Other conclusions that can be reached:• The two individuals with the closest genetic distance (6 markers) are from Mexico (OKPA # 3) and Portugal (OKPA # 4);• The two individuals with the longest genetic distance (19 markers) are from Brazil (OKPA #5) and Colombia (OKPA # 6);• The ancestors of two individuals originate in Colombia (OKPA # 1 & # 6): they are not related (genetic distance of 15);• The ancestors of two individuals originate in Mexico (OKPA # 2 & #3): they are not related (genetic distance of 12);• The ancestors of three individuals originate in Portugal (OKPA # 4, # 7 & #8): they are not related (genetic distances of 16, 10 and 8);• The ancestor of the one individual who originates in Brazil (OKPA # 5) is not related to the three individuals who originate in Portugal (genetic distances of 16, 12, 14);• There are at least two LEAL branches in Brazil (OKPA # 5 & # 7): they are not related (genetic distance of 12).Oscar Leal

AUGUST 24th TRADING STRATEGY

DEAR FRIENDS,
HERE IS THE TRADING PLAN FOR AUG 24

GANN'S

SUPPORTS FOUND AT
4496 - 4471 - 4445 - 4396

&

RESISTANCE @

4552 - 4601 - 4625

MARKET WOULD BECOME WEAK IF IT TRADE FOR 15 MIN BELOW 4470 AROUND 10:45

EXPECT BEARS ENGULFING FROM 11:15 ONWARDS IF AND ONLY IF NFUT TRADES BELOW 4470 MORE CHANCES OF KISSING 4435

ALL THE BEST

DISCLAIMER: TRADE AT YOUR OWN RISK

SELF ANALYSIS

Before you start trading (long term,short term or day trade) you got to know who you are..(i.e) ask yourselves questions like

'Am I fit enough to do this business?'

'Can I manage my money here in this business?'

etc.etc.

Not only for Trading,to do any business one should have to do a deep self analysis which helps the person a lot while running appropriate businesses.

O.K. Lets come to

our knowledge bank

Trading Methods for Profit
If you want to make big profits, then you should know that the best way is do it for yourself - and not rely on others.
Any trader can build and implement a successful trading method.
This article shows you how to build a profitable trading method in five simple steps.
There are of course many other methods that will work but here we are going to focus on one that all traders can understand, implement with discipline and trade with confidence - Which are the essential ingredients of any successful trading method.
What are the specific components of a Successful Trading method?
Successful trading methods may be different but they all have three core principles.
1. They are Simple
Forget complicated systems with lots of rules and complicated equations - it's a proven fact that simple systems work better and are more successful.
As they are simple they tend to be more robust and are less likely to fail, in the brutal world of trading.
2. They Run Profits and Cut Losses
You need to have a longer term FOREX trading system that milks the big trends for profit, and cuts losses quickly.
3. Follow Long Term Trends
There is no point in trading for small profits, as you will never cover your inevitable loses with small profits - You need to catch the big profitable trends that last for months or years and milk them.
Now let's look at the 5 simple steps you need to follow to get your trading method off the ground:
1. Your Method
We have said to keep it simple, and this is exactly what you need to do - just a few rules, that you understand and a robust money management system to cover you through your inevitable losing periods.
2. Spotting Trends
Look for the long-term weekly trends, and then move to daily charts to time your entry and get in on the action.
By long-term trends, we mean months, or years - NOT just a week or two.
3. The Best Way is via a Breakout Method.
Breakouts occur in all financial markets - so base your system on a trend following breakout system.
There isn't space here to describe exactly what a breakout system is, but you can download a handy PDF on this site that will give you all the basics you need to build a system based around this proven method of trading.
It's a fact that most of the world's most successful traders use breakout systems in their trading - and if it's good enough for them it's good enough for you.
4. Timing Entry Levels
The best way to time an entry is to watch for a break on the chart, confirmed by stochastics crossing with bullish or bearish divergence
This is the ultimate entry tool.
When a market trends you can also use Bollinger bands, to time your entry - and also lock in profits.
The Bollinger band is a fantastic indicator, and all traders should consider using it as part of their trading strategy.
5. Money Management
If you are following a breakout method, either the trade runs quickly in your favor - or the break is "false" and the break does not follow through.
Don't put your stop just below the breakout point.
If the trade does not follow through within a day, simply exit the trade, and use a monetary stop on the day of entry.
A Simple trading method for Profit
With the above method, you will focus on the longer-term trends only and trade in frequently, but that won't stop you making a lot of money over the longer term.
You will also liquidate losers quickly and therefore preserve your equity
Trading is all about cutting losses and running profits.
With a bit of research and testing the above indicators you will see why a trading method built on the above principles, will work, and will continue to work.

AN INTRODUCTION TO GANN'S THEORY

Dear Friends,

Surely One should know about Mr.W.D.Gann who want to trade and mint money in this Stock Market..Here is a little introduction about the trading master and some of his methods

W D Gann is one of the most famous traders of all time and became a multi millionaire from trading. His status is such among traders that his portrait can be seen by all as they enter the New York stock exchange.
Gann died in the fifties but his legacy lives on today and methods are just as applicable as they ever were. In this section you will find background to Gann's methods and philosophy as well as the opportunity to order an exclusive Gann course, which will help you, seek big profit potential from any financial markets.
Here are some reasons to use W D Gann's trading methods:
1. Gann's Methods Are Proven
Gann's methods made real money in the markets and are the subject of public record. They made him a multi millionaire and traders today are still using them today to seek big potential profits. You can read more about Gann's stunning track record.
2. History Repeats Itself
Gann wrote extensively on trading psychology and his trading was based on the theory what happened in the past will happen again. As human nature is constant and they move financial markets it stands to reason that mass trading psychology would show up again and again in repetitive price patterns, which could be traded for profit. Read More about Gann's theory on market movement.
3. Gann Was an Innovator
Gann was much more than just a technical trader he was one who devised the concept of price and time. He also introduced many other tools to his trading such as the Fibonacci number sequence in his quest to trade financial markets for profit. Read More about his methods.

CATCH THE GREAT TRADING SECRETS

Hi Guys,

How was the day? I first intend to learn before I trade and to share those secrets after my trade..

As I told you before,the intention of this blog is to train the traders to trade with some simple techniques that has been written as elaborated theories or exaggerated by the Stock Market Experts threatening people to enter into this business.

First We have to believe that we can understand and achieve anything in this world under the sun.

Yes,I agree,trading in this business , theories and studies Stock Market ,like an ocean..So I begin things randomly , share my own views with the others as much simple as possible..

It may be little difficult for the beginners at first but goes on easier if you do follow these once or twice in a day regularly so that you attain a great level of confidence,no doubt in that..

In this post first lets talk a little about Coppock Indicator and Force index

1. COPPOCK INDICATOR

1. The Coppock Indicator was developed by Edwin Coppock, a US investment advisor. It is a momentum oscillator that was designed for long term investors to begin accumulation at the beginning of a bull market. The Coppock Indicator signals the beginning of a bull market when it crosses above the zero line. This signal is usually after the first leg of a bull market is underway, thus it’s highly reliable.

2.FORCE INDEX

Here Dr. Alexander Elder says about FORCE INDEX which also plays an important part in trading

“Force Index is an oscillator developed by this author. It measures the force of bulls behind every rally and of bears behind every decline.
Force Index combines three essential pieces of market information – the direction of price change, its extent, and trading volume. It provides a new, practical way of using volume to make tradingdecisions.
Force Index can be used raw, but it works better if you smooth it with a moving average. Force Index smoothed with a short MA helps pinpoint entry and exit points. Force Index smoothed with a long MA reveals major changes in the force of bulls and bears.
A 2-day EMA of Force Index provides a minimal degree of smoothing.It is useful for finding entry points into the markets. It pays to buy when the 2-day EMA is negative and sell when it is positive, as long as you trade in the direction of the 13-day EMA of prices.
A 13-day EMA of Force Index tracks longer term changes in the force of bulls and bears. When it crosses above its centerline, it shows the bulls are in control. When it turns negative, it shows that bears are in control. Divergences between 13-day EMA of Force Index and prices identify important turning points.”